http://www.rssboard.org/rss-specification 720 http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/search?docsPerPage%3D100;f2-associated-Lesson%3DX-Ray%20History Results for your query: docsPerPage=100;f2-associated-Lesson=X-Ray History Thu, 01 Jan 1970 12:00:00 GMT http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/Aerobee_Rocket/Aerobee_Rocket.dc.xml The Aerobee was a small, unguided sub-orbital sounding rocket, which is a rocket that carries research instruments. The Aerobees were used for high atmospheric and cosmic radiation research in the United States in the 1950s. http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/Aerobee_Rocket/Aerobee_Rocket.dc.xml Thu, 01 Jan 1970 12:00:00 GMT http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/Brooklyn_College/Brooklyn_College.dc.xml Brooklyn College is a senior college of the City University of New York, located in Brooklyn, New York. Established in 1930, the College had its beginnings as the Downtown Brooklyn branches of Hunter College (then a women's college) and the City College of New York (then a men's college). With the merger of these branches, Brooklyn College became the first public, co-educational liberal arts college in New York City. http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/Brooklyn_College/Brooklyn_College.dc.xml Thu, 01 Jan 1970 12:00:00 GMT http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/EMS-penetration-atmosphere/EMS-penetration-atmosphere.dc.xml Only visible, radio, and some infrared radiation penetrates the atmosphere. Ultraviolet photons, X-rays, and gamma rays do not. While observations at any wavelength benefit from instruments in space, detection of celestial of ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma-ray sources require instruments in space. The development of rockets led to our ability to place these special instruments in space. http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/EMS-penetration-atmosphere/EMS-penetration-atmosphere.dc.xml Thu, 01 Jan 1970 12:00:00 GMT http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/Geiger_counter_patent/Geiger_counter_patent.dc.xml Friedman holds U.S. Patent No. 2,475,603, for an adaptation of the tube used in a Geiger-Mueller counter. His tube design increased the counter's sensitivity to weak radiation sources by lowering the background noise of the counter itself. Figure 1 (upper left) is a cut-away view of Friedman's counter tube mounted within a container, called a shield. Figure 2 (lower left) is a front-end view of the tube. Figure 3 (upper right) is a cross-section of the tube showing the arrangement of parts and the structure used for mounting the tube within the shield. Figure 4 (lower right) is a cross-section diagram showing the tube anode and cathode, and a plot of the electric field within the tube. http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/Geiger_counter_patent/Geiger_counter_patent.dc.xml Thu, 01 Jan 1970 12:00:00 GMT http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/HEAO_1/HEAO_1.dc.xml The HEAO project involved the launching of three unmanned scientific observatories into low Earth orbit between 1977 and 1979 to study some of the most intriguing mysteries of the Universe: pulsars, black holes, neutron stars, and supernovae. This artist's conception depicts the High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO)-1 in orbit. HEAO-1 was launched on August 12, 1977, to survey the sky for X-ray and gamma-ray sources, as well as to pinpoint their positions. http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/HEAO_1/HEAO_1.dc.xml Thu, 01 Jan 1970 12:00:00 GMT http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/James_Franck/James_Franck.dc.xml After winning the Nobel prize in 1926, the career of James Franck took several sharp turns as the world drifted toward war. Shortly after Hitler's rise to power, Franck resigned as a professor of physics at the University of Göttingen to protest the Nazis' newly passed anti-Semitic legislation. An academic refugee, he taught at Johns Hopkins and Copenhagen before making his way to The University of Chicago, where he remained on the faculty until his death in 1964. http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/James_Franck/James_Franck.dc.xml Thu, 01 Jan 1970 12:00:00 GMT http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/NRL/NRL.dc.xml The Naval Research Laboratory is the corporate research laboratory for the Navy and Marine Corps. It is located in Washington, D.C. http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/NRL/NRL.dc.xml Thu, 01 Jan 1970 12:00:00 GMT http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/OAO_NASA/OAO_NASA.dc.xml OAO-3 was launched on August 21, 1972. It carried an X-ray detector built by University College of London's Mullard Space Science Laboratory and an 80-cm UV telescope built by Princeton University. After its launch, it was named Copernicus to mark the 500th anniversary of the birth of Nicolaus Copernicus. Copernicus operated until February 1981, and returned high resolution spectra of hundreds of stars along with extensive X-ray observations. This picture shows OAO-3 in the clean room at Kennedy Space Center. http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/OAO_NASA/OAO_NASA.dc.xml Thu, 01 Jan 1970 12:00:00 GMT http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/OSO-Ball-Aerospace/OSO-Ball-Aerospace.dc.xml The objectives of the Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO) satellite series were to perform solar physics experiments above the atmosphere during a complete solar cycle and to map the celestial sphere for direction and intensity of UV light, X-rays, and gamma radiation. The OSO-1, built by Ball Aerospace, was the first satellite to have pointed instruments and onboard tape recorders for data storage. http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/OSO-Ball-Aerospace/OSO-Ball-Aerospace.dc.xml Thu, 01 Jan 1970 12:00:00 GMT http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/President_Nixon_visits_Apollo_11_Crew/President_Nixon_visits_Apollo_11_Crew.dc.xml President Richard M. Nixon welcomes the Apollo 11 astronauts aboard the U.S.S. Hornet, the prime recovery ship for the historic Apollo 11 lunar landing mission. Pictured are (left to right) Neil A. Armstrong, commander; Michael Collins, command module pilot; and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., lunar module pilot. Apollo 11 splashed down on July 24, 1969, about 812 nautical miles southwest of Hawaii. http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/President_Nixon_visits_Apollo_11_Crew/President_Nixon_visits_Apollo_11_Crew.dc.xml Thu, 01 Jan 1970 12:00:00 GMT http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/Robert_Hutchings_Goddard/Robert_Hutchings_Goddard.dc.xml Dr. Goddard and liquid oxygen-gasoline rocket in the frame from which it was fired on March 16, 1926, at Auburn, Massachusetts. It flew for only 2.5 seconds, climbed 41 feet, and landed 184 feet away in a cabbage patch. From 1930 to 1941, Dr. Goddard made substantial progress in the development of progressively larger rockets, which attained altitudes of 7800 feet. http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/Robert_Hutchings_Goddard/Robert_Hutchings_Goddard.dc.xml Sun, 09 Apr 1905 12:00:00 GMT http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/S-IC_engines_and_Von_Braun/S-IC_engines_and_Von_Braun.dc.xml A pioneer of America's space program, Dr. von Braun stands by the five F-1 engines of the Saturn V Dynamic Test Vehicle on display at the U.S. Space And Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama, circa 1969. Dr. von Braun served as the first director of the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center and was the chief architect of the Saturn V launch vehicle, the superbooster that propelled the Apollo spacecraft to the Moon. http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/S-IC_engines_and_Von_Braun/S-IC_engines_and_Von_Braun.dc.xml Thu, 01 Jan 1970 12:00:00 GMT http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/Space_Shuttle/Space_Shuttle.dc.xml As humanity's first reusable spacecraft,NASA's space shuttle fleet began setting records with its first launch on April 12, 1981. Starting with Columbia and continuing with Challenger, Discovery, Endeavour, and Atlantis, the shuttle has carried people into orbit repeatedly, and launched, recovered and repaired satellites. The final space shuttle mission, STS-135, ended July 21, 2011 when Atlantis rolled to a stop at its home port, NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. A sixth shuttle, Enterprise, was used for testing, but never flew in space. Two shuttles failed and crashed in flight, but the remaining four shuttles are on display at public viewing sites around the country. http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/Space_Shuttle/Space_Shuttle.dc.xml Thu, 01 Jan 1970 12:00:00 GMT http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/Sputnik_Satellite/Sputnik_Satellite.dc.xml The Sputnik 1 satellite, shown here on a rigging truck in the assembly shop, was successfully launched and entered Earth's orbit on October 4, 1957. Sputnik shocked the world, giving the Soviet Union the distinction of sending the first human-made object into space and placing the United States a step behind in the space race. http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/Sputnik_Satellite/Sputnik_Satellite.dc.xml Thu, 01 Jan 1970 12:00:00 GMT http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/cygx1_optical/cygx1_optical.dc.xml Since its discovery in 1962, the X-ray binary star Cygnus X-1 has been one of the most intensively studied cosmic X-ray sources. About a decade after its discovery, Cygnus X-1 secured a place in the history of astronomy when a combination of space-based, X-ray observations by the Chandra X-ray Observatory and optical, ground-based observations by the Digitized Sky Survey led to the conclusion that it was a black hole, the first such identification. This is an optical image of Cygnus X-1. http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/cygx1_optical/cygx1_optical.dc.xml Thu, 01 Jan 1970 12:00:00 GMT http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/cygx1_xray/cygx1_xray.dc.xml Since its discovery in 1962, the X-ray binary star Cygnus X-1 has been one of the most intensively studied cosmic X-ray sources. About a decade after its discovery, Cygnus X-1 secured a place in the history of astronomy when a combination of space-based, X-ray observations by the Chandra X-ray Observatory and optical, ground-based observations by the Digitized Sky Survey led to the conclusion that it was a black hole, the first such identification. This is a Chandra X-ray image of Cygnus X-1. http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/cygx1_xray/cygx1_xray.dc.xml Thu, 01 Jan 1970 12:00:00 GMT http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/greatobs_spectrum_300/greatobs_spectrum_300.dc.xml Because the Earth's atmosphere prevents certain types of radiation from reaching the ground, NASA proposed a series of Great Observatories designed to conduct space-based astronomical studies over many different wavelengths. The program launched four observatories: the Hubble Space Telescope (visible and near ultraviolet); Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (gamma rays); Chandra X-ray Observatory (soft X-rays); and Spitzer Space Telescope (infrared). Each observatory was designed to push the state of technology in its intended wavelength region. http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/greatobs_spectrum_300/greatobs_spectrum_300.dc.xml Thu, 01 Jan 1970 12:00:00 GMT http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/heao1-sky-map/heao1-sky-map.dc.xml Beginning in 1977, NASA launched a series of very large scientific payloads called High Energy Astronomy Observatories (HEAO). The first of these missions, HEAO-1, carried NRL’s Large Area Sky Survey Experiment (LASS), consisting of 7 detectors. It surveyed the X-ray sky almost three times over the 0.2 keV - 10 MeV energy band and provided nearly constant monitoring of X-ray sources near the ecliptic poles. http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/heao1-sky-map/heao1-sky-map.dc.xml Thu, 01 Jan 1970 12:00:00 GMT http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/misc_gx5-1_moon/misc_gx5-1_moon.dc.xml This image of the Moon in X-rays was made in 1991 using data from the Roentgen Satellite (ROSAT), an X-ray observatory. In this picture, pixel brightness corresponds to X-ray intensity. The Moon reflects lower energy X-rays (shown as red) from the Sun. The source of high energy X-rays (shown as yellow) is a distant binary star system. The background is speckled with X-rays from many distant, powerful active galaxies. The picture also shows the Moon passing in front of of and obscuring the binary star, a phenomenon called occultation. http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/misc_gx5-1_moon/misc_gx5-1_moon.dc.xml Tue, 01 Jan 1991 12:00:00 GMT http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/natl-aero-space-act-1958-xl/natl-aero-space-act-1958-xl.dc.xml Before the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, space exploration was primarily a military venture. On July 29, 1958, when the Space Act was signed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, the United States established a civil space program that would be run by a new agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA. The Act charged NASA with eight objectives, including “the establishment of long-range studies of the potential benefits to be gained from, the opportunities for, and the problems involved in the utilization of aeronautical and space activities for peaceful and scientific purposes.” http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/natl-aero-space-act-1958-xl/natl-aero-space-act-1958-xl.dc.xml Tue, 29 Jul 1958 12:00:00 GMT http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/vanguard1_from_NRL/vanguard1_from_NRL.dc.xml Between 1955 and 1959, NRL conducted the first American satellite program, named Project Vanguard. On March 17, 1958, the Vanguard I satellite was successfully launched into Earth orbit. Just 6 inches (152 mm) in diameter and weighing 3 pounds (1.4 kg), Vanguard 1 was described by then-Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev as, "The grapefruit satellite." Here NRL scientists from the Vanguard I team mount the satellite in the rocket. Vanguard 1 is the oldest artificial satellite still in space, as its predecessors, Sputnik 1, Sputnik 2, and Explorer 1, have fallen out of orbit. http://ecuip-xtf.lib.uchicago.edu/xtf/view?docId=grxr/vanguard1_from_NRL/vanguard1_from_NRL.dc.xml Thu, 01 Jan 1970 12:00:00 GMT